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If you have a lot of questions about the whole process, I don't think that it hurts to contact a lender this soon, especially if you are considering short sales or foreclosures. I started talking to my real estate agent about 3 months ago and a loan officer last month. The inventory where I live is going down very fast, so I am going to build a house and I submitted the application today with a different loan officer. It will take me 6 months to build. The worse that will happen to you is that you will be told to wait a little longer.
I don't think that it is too soon to talk to a lender and try to figure out what you may need to get a loan, but when I went to get pre-approved with USAA for a loan, the pre-approval only lasted 30, 60 or 90 days (can't remember which). So I wouldn't try to get approved until you are ready to actually look and buy or build.
Not too soon at all. I went to my bank a year out to find out what I needed to improve, how much cash and so on. Before I left her office, I was approved with my current situation. You never know. I did end up waiting a bit but not a year.