Bizarre as it may be this is what has indeed taken place. I will explain how I know it happened. But I would never be able to explain why it happened. As I agree with what you are saying that there is no way possible they SHOULD know the balances until the credit card company updated, but...
Shopping for personal loans I had 4 SP inquiries. Started the process with a 5% credit utilization and a TU 775 model 8.
They ALL (4) also used TU, Score 8, and that score matched up perfectly with my FICO score 8 showing on my end as well for the first 2 of 775.
And first 2 also showed utilization of 5% as well. In short, what the first 2 had was an exact match to what I had. (keep in mind all of this took place within 8 days of each other)
Between inquiry 2 and 3, I hit up my Citibank card for about 40 % of the balance which threw all my ratios around 15% range. However my end was still showing 5% and 775, of course, until that info was updated.
But the third inquiry SHOWED a now 15% utilization AND a lower score of 744. Hmmmmmm. Weird. But wrote it off to “whatever.” Maybe since Citi was showing as cash advances for cryptocurrency they reported instantly I tried to rationalize.
Between 3 and 4, hit up Discover for 0% balance transfer, about 85% of balance, as well as some other things, which threw it all now around 49% total utilization.
Inquiry 4 today? Keep in mind TU Model 8, now showed a 49% utilization AND a score of 727, which sounds about right from 775 as my balances increased.
Seeing as how my utilization had been 5% for couple months AND showed up first 2, then I have NO EXPLANATION for how they are showing the updated utilization, but more importantly, the correct utilization as well, that just recently took place. Score drop as well. All this well before my cards did their normal monthly update.
If anyone has a rational explanation other than this information was made available real time I am all ears